Top Social Security Essay Topics Choices

Top Social Security Essay Topics Choices Choosing Good Social Security Essay Topics For this reason, you'll get a selection of topics for your sociology papers, but you may still find it difficult to compose your sociology research paper. If you wish to learn how to compose great essays on sociology, just take the subsequent steps. Moreover, in-text citations will present your awareness of the various papers formats. At the conclusion of these list, you are going to discover links to a range of argumentative paragraphs and essays. Consult your teacher about sources you should utilize to be successful. There are varying views on whether or not a college education is needed in order to have a thriving life. The social issues research papers may appear easy to write in comparison with different topics, but still it demands an extremely creative strategy, a massive quantity of curiosity and capability to think beyond the box and search info in unconventional sources. The issue, nevertheless, is that not all businesses can be relied on to deliver quality essays on time so you need to be cautious in selecting one. The End of Social Security Essay Topics Social Networking makes it feasible to reach many folks in a really brief time. There are many kinds of social websites and it is on oneself to pick the one which they are comfortable with. Social media has far reaching influence on the youth, since they are the people who are most active on social media sites. They can be seen as a perfect replacement to con ferencing. Characteristics of Social Security Essay Topics Social Security faces long-term financial imbalances, but that's only one reason why it ought to be restructured. In principle, all citizens may qualify for entitlements at some time in their lives. What's more, the privatization of social security will probably add to the spread of bureaucracy. Furthermore, it's claimed by some people that privatization of social security is very likely to stop excessive costs connected with the program. Security is really a positive-feedback system. Many economists think that our Social Security system needs a lot of a significant overhaul if today's workers are to get future advantages. Social networking is among the biggest elements that we live with and can't ignore it. They is widely used to create awareness for causes that are important for the society. Who Else Wants to Learn About Social Security Essay Topics? So no wonder that the significance of security was significant from the very start. The value of social media cannot be ignored since it plays an extremely crucial part in our lives today. Though people believe education is a correct and will make society, generally, a better place for everybody, others feel there's no legitimate approach to provide a free college education as colleges would still must be funded (likely through tax dollars). Contemporary nurse call systems, for example, can be connected to the building mainframe system, providing an entire analy sis of a resident's lifestyle. The Little-Known Secrets to Social Security Essay Topics It won't be much of a persuasive essay if you select a topic that everybody agrees with your standpoint. The topical outline about the overall discussion of the subject region of social work is a simple supply of topics for essays on social work since it is structured in a manner that it's simple for students to discover and select certain topics. When you settle on the subject and pick the position on which you will base your essay, the remainder of the job can then begin. The primary aim of a persuasive speech is to deliver details about a specific topic to an audience in an appealing manner that will convince them to adopt your viewpoint. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most crucial issue to do is to select a topic and an argument which you can really get behind. For instance, the qualifications necessary to be a professional social worker is among the principal fields in the overall discussion of social work. A superb topic isn't sufficient to find a fantastic mark for your work. Social Security Essay Topics Secrets Perhaps the most crucial economic distortion due to Social Security is the fact that it substantially reduces personal savings. More information is found at repoweramerica.org. Your income wouldn't change because you previously pay the tax. In the USA for instance, spending on social security takes an important section of the complete budget. For families, protection of children and household members from cyber crime has gotten substantially important. It's now simpler and cheap to communicate and connect with people around the world. If you don't have a digital prese nce than for some people that you don't exist. Should you look around, you are going to observe social issues that affect society each day.

The Hawala Extortion Method - 18441 Words

HAWALA INTRODUCTION [pic] Among the methods terrorists worldwide use to move money from regions that finance them to target countries some hardly leave any traceable trail. As regulators learned recently, one of the weak points in the payments chain through which illicit funds can enter is a system of traditional trust-based banking originating in southern Asia which is known as hawala. The word hawala is Hindi meaning trust or exchange. Often used in relation with the word hundi which stands for bill of exchange hawala is an unofficial alternative remittance and money exchange system enabling the transfer of funds without their actual physical move. Traditional financial institutions may be involved†¦show more content†¦For instance, in May and June 2001 the State Bank of Pakistan was said to have turned to hawala shops in Islamabad to buy dollars in order to support the own currency. Even top-ranking Western corporations turn to hawaladers for transactions to regions without a modern western-style banking system. In several OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) member countries, licensed traders legally perform hawala. OECD Member Countries (And Year of joining) |Australia (1971) |Austria (1961) |Belgium (1961) | |Canada (1961) |Czech Republic (1995) |Denmark (1961) | |Finland (1969) |France (1961) |Germany (1961) | |Greece (1961) |Hungary (1996) |Iceland (1961) | |Ireland (1961) |Italy (1961) |Japan (1964) | |The Netherlands (1961) |New Zealand (1973) |Norway (1961) | |Poland (1996)Show MoreRelatedNature and Causes of Global Money Laundering8912 Words   |  36 Pages 9 Money laundering and Globalization 13 Nature of Money laundering 14 Methods of Money Laundering 17 Causes of Money laundering 19 The Economic Effect of Money LaunderingRead MoreThe Growing Problem of White Collar Crimes in India19963 Words   |  80 Pageswill lose faith in us†- Dr Radhakrishnan Methodology The research methodology used for the present research article is traditional Doctrinal research method. As most of the information can be sought form the available literature. So the researcher has chosen doctrinal method as method of research for the present article and has used books, journals, research articles for preparation of the same. Objectives of the study The main objectives of the research work is ToRead MoreMoney Laundering13123 Words   |  53 Pageswhich is illegally obtained, so as to make it appear to originate from a legitimate source. Money Laundering is being employed by launderers worldwide to conceal criminal activity associated with it such as drug / arms trafficking, terrorism and extortion. Robinson states that â€Å"Money laundering is called what it is because that perfectly describes what takes place – illegal, or dirty, money is put through a cycle of transactions, or washed, so that it comes out the other end as legal, or cleans

Intellectual Property Rights free essay sample

Reaction Paper on Intellectual Property Rights Modern usage of the term Intellectual Property goes back at least as far as centuries back. The history of patents actually sprung not from scientific inventions but rather from royal grants for monopoly privileges. Now we ask, what is Intellectual Property and what does it signify? First we define Intellectual Property as creations of the mind such as inventions, literary pieces, artistic works, images, trademark names, and design. There are two categories of IP, namely Industrial property pertaining to inventions, industrial design, trademarks, and the other type is Copyright which includes literary and artistic works. These exclusive rights allow the owners of the intellectual property to benefit from their creations, mainly involving a financial aspect in the picture. This is important whenever these are products of research and development ventures.The term itself has its own share of limitations by distorting public perceptions creating a bias by advocating monopolies claiming ownership of scarce physical things, associating them to property rights. In order to conform our legislation with the principles and obligations laid down in the TRIPS, new pieces of legislations were adopted, namely: 1. The Copyright Act 1997 2. The Patent, Industrial Designs and Trademarks Act 2002 3. The Protection Against Unfair Practices (Industrial Property Rights) Act 2002 4. The Layout Designs (Topographies) of Integrated Circuits Act 2002 5. The Geographical Indications Act 2002 The Copyright Act covers protection of artistic, literary and scientific works created or published by an author who is a citizen of Mauritius or having his habitual residence in Mauritius or in any country party to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. The Act guarantees protection of the economic and moral rights of the author and this protection is not subject to any formalities. Economic and moral rights relating to the work of an author is protected during his lifetime and 50 years thereafter, while the rights relating to a photographic work is rotected until the expiry of 25 years from the making of the work. Under the Patent, Industrial Designs and Trademarks Act, an invention may be protected for a period of 20 years, subject to payment of an annual fee. Trademarks may be protected for an initial period of 10 years and may be renewed for consecutive periods of 10 years. The registration for industrial designs is for an initial period of 5 yea rs and renewable for another period of 5 years. The Act also provides for renewal for 2 further consecutive periods of 5 years subject to certain conditions. The Protection Against Unfair Practices (Industrial Property Rights) Act protects against unfair practices arising on the basis of industrial property rights. It provides for instance that causing confusion with respect to another’s enterprise or damaging another’s goodwill or reputation amounts to an unfair practice punished by fines of up to Rs 250,000 and terms of imprisonment of up to 5 years. The Act more specifically targets unfair practices involving the use of a trademark, trade name, a business identifier, the appearance of a product, the presentation of products and services. The Geographical Indications Act provides for a system of protection of geographical indications in the context of the obligations undertaken by Mauritius under the TRIPS Agreement. A Geographical Indication (G1) is defined as an indication which identify a good or goods, as originating in the territory of a member or a region or a locality of the territory where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good is attributable to its geographical origin. The Act renders unlawful the use of a GI for identifying a wine or spirit not originating in the place indicated by the GI in question, a practice which may give rise to a claim in damages and to criminal sanctions. This legislation has however not yet been proclaimed. The Layout Designs (Topographies) of Integrated Circuits Act enunciate the basic principles regulating the protection of layout designs of integrated circuits. Protection of integrated circuits constitutes a relatively new area. It has not featured in the legislation of several countries for many reasons, one of them being the absence of technical knowledge or expertise for the mass design of integrated circuits. It is to be noted that this legislation has not been proclaimed either. The institutional framework for IPR enforcement is made of a number of bodies and institutions. The Industrial Property Office, under the aegis of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Regional Cooperation, is responsible for processing registrations of patents, trademarks and industrial designs. An Industrial Property Tribunal has been created to rule on cases such as rejected applications for registration. As far as copyrights are concerned, the Mauritius Society of Authors administrates the economic rights of copyright owners and exclusive licensees, grants authorisation for the use of protected works and is responsible for the collection and distribution of royalties. Moreover, the Ministry of Arts and Culture operates a Copyright Desk responsible for information to the public and registration matters. The Anti- Piracy Unit of the Police and the Customs Authorities also play a crucial role in the enforcement of IPR by intercepting counterfeits and pirated goods. The above overview of our legal and institutional framework for IPR enforcement gives a clear indication of a willingness to provide the right protection for legitimate owners of intellectual property rights. However, our IPR system is relatively young and needs a number of improvements and consolidation to live up to future challenges. Recomendations First of all, there is a need to develop and reinforce our national intellectual property infrastructures. The creation of a single organisation to deal with IPR and regrouping the various departments and organisations mentioned above may be envisaged, for increased efficiency and coherence. Adequate human resources and expertise in the field is essential in order to avoid long time delays for procedures such as processing patents, trademarks and other applications. The fight against piracy and counterfeiting must be reinforced. The duty-free island project can lead to the development of a parallel economy if counterfeit and piracy continues to flourish on the island. Moreover, our capacity to attract foreign investors will depend a lot on the protection being guaranteed to IP. Indeed, no brand owner would be interested in opening retails shops in Mauritius knowing that fake copies of his goods are being sold at much lower prices by the street hawker. At the policy and regulatory level, a number of developments would be well received. For instance, acceding to the Madrid Protocol would give Mauritian trade marks holders the possibility of being protected in a number of Member Countries with just one application, saving much time and money by foregoing the trouble of undertaking multiple application procedures. The same applies to the Hague Agreement for the protection of industrial designs and the Patent Cooperation Treaty for obtaining international patent protection. Sensitisation campaigns on the importance of IPR should be organised. An IPR enforcement mechanism, as up to the mark and sophisticated as it may be, is useless if the right holders themselves do not exercise their rights. And very often, such a failure on the part of creators, inventors, researchers, authors to exercise their rights comes from ignorance whereby the importance of diffusing information and increasing awareness. Moreover, economic operators also need to know what are the implications of illegal exploitations of IP and what the law expects them to conform to. The joint MCCI-French Embassy workshop scheduled for September will hopefully fulfill this sensitisation purpose among members of the Mauritian Business Community as well as counterparts in the public sector.

Treasure Island Essays (3656 words) - Treasure Island,

Treasure Island Character of Interest My favorite character in Treasure Island is captain Long John Silver. This character really stood out to me. The reason being that he was a very respected and or feared pirate among everyone that knew him. He had a very complex personality, at first he seemed to be the kindest person is the whole book, but later he really reveals what he is capable of and you soon learn it is really a act. Long John Silver is a very hard man to understand. It's very hard to even describe him. He could be very friendly and nice, which he looked like. He had lost his leg above the knee so he hobbled around on a crutch, which he could move around remarkably good, he dressed in your average seamen clothes, thick sea cloth pants with a button up shirt and a tri-corner hat with the only one he trusted perched on his shoulder, his parrot he named Captain Flint. He really looked to be a friendly old man. But he was much more than he appeared, he was evil enough to kill someone for looking at him wrong. And if you met someone like him on the street, you would never think he could do the things he did. And yet his fellow mates gave him more respect then the Captain Smollett or anyone else, I believe much of it came from fear though, if you weren't a close friend of his you could have much to fear from him. First of all, this pirate changes from a proud captain, to a beggar. When the real captain (Captain Smollett) hires Long John Silver as the ship's cook he seems very kind and respectful, in fact he even picks the hole crew for the Hispaniola (later to his advantage he finds out). When Jim Hawkins meets him he treats Jim as his he was his own grandson, and shares his stories and experiences with him, which is usually uncommon for a pirate to be so kind, he tells Jim he reminds him of himself as a young lad. In fact Long John owns a pub in Bristol, England, and he sees a man run out the door with out paying for his rum, instead of running outside firing guns down the street at him he ask one of his fellow sailors to chase him down and get his pay, which I expected him to ask to get his throat slit. But later Long John organizes a mutiny and plans to take over the ship so that they are to find the treasure. And when they are ashore he single handily kills ever loyal man aboard and assumes position of captain and leader of the mutineers. And during the end when his plans for treasure are lost, and every man on his side is either dead or lost on the island he swallows his pride and does his best to please everyone hoping they won't abandon him on the island, which I couldn't believe, I thought he would tell them to go to hell rather then answer to them. So he acts differently, but he thought the same, I know if he had a chance he would kill them all in the night. So he really doesn't change at all. I don't really believe that I connect or related to this character at all. He lived in a completely different time than me and has done things I only know of from stories like this. But there was one thing I did admire about him, that was that he always keep his word. Even when he makes a bargain with his enemies he had a chance to shoot and kill them in the back, but he didn't, even though it was his second goal of the book was to kill them he made a promise to let them go safely, and he did. Theme The main theme of Treasure Island is that crime doesn't pay. Long John Silver lost his entire crew, some at by his own hand, trying to get the treasure. And ended with nothing compared to what he thought he was going to. He had this master plan to organize to take over the ship, obtain the treasure map, find the treasure, steal the ship for him and his men, planning to leave Captain Smollett and his crew dead or alive on the island. And then leave

MY CIVIL LIBERTIES essays

MY CIVIL LIBERTIES essays When asked to write about a time in my life where my civil liberties were constrained, at first nothing specific came to mind. I am a white, male, heterosexual, no real practicing religion so there isnt many times in my life where civil liberties were constrained due to appearance, sexuality, or religion. So I thought about times in my life where my constitutional rights may have been constrained. One major event came to mind, I was in eighth grade and my constitutional right to assembly was violated. My eighth grade year started like every other year in middle school, new teachers, new rooms, new schedule. Yet I had received a teacher this year that would change the year completely. He was my English teacher, his name was Mr. Klan. I knew from the start that he was going to be a teacher that I would get along with right from the first day of class. It was his first year teaching in our school, or in any school. He was fresh out of college and ready for his big step into the real world. His class was completely different from any other English class I have ever experienced to this day. He was open to our ideas, and gave assignments that we as students appreciated. He was a very easy grader as well, as long as you attempted to do the work and showed some kind of effort you would get at least a C. Any other teacher I had up until this point would have failed you if the paper was not as well written or if they may have had a conflict with the way you wrote your paper or your stance. He still gave work, and still expected his work to be done he just wasnt crazy about it. He would rather work with you and make sure you understood why your paper was poorly written and teach you then to just fail you and not show any remorse. Me personally I learn better when I am showed what I have done wrong then to get the paper back with a bunch of red on it and be told that my paper was garbage or unsatisfactory...

Refutation Definition and Examples

Refutation Definition and Examples In rhetoric, refutation is the part of an argument in which a speaker or writer counters opposing points of view. Also called  confutation. Refutation is the key element in debate, say the authors of The Debaters Guide   (2011). Refutation makes the whole process exciting by relating ideas and arguments from one team to those of the other (The Debaters Guide, 2011). In speeches, refutation and confirmation are often presented conjointly with one another (in the words of the unknown author of Ad Herrenium): support for a claim (confirmation) can be enhanced by a challenge to the validity of an opposing claim (refutation). In classical rhetoric, refutation was one of the rhetorical exercises known as the  progymnasmata. Examples and Observations Refutation is the part of an essay that disproves the opposing arguments. It is always necessary in a persuasive paper to refute or answer those arguments. A good method for formulating your refutation is to put yourself in the place of your readers, imagining what their objections might be. In the exploration of the issues connected with your subject, you may have encountered possible opposing viewpoints in discussions with classmates or friends. In the refutation, you refute those arguments by proving the opposing basic proposition untrue or showing the reasons to be invalid...In general, there is a question about whether the refutation should come before or after the proof. The arrangement will differ according to the particular subject and the number and strength of the opposing arguments. If the opposing arguments are strong and widely held, they should be answered at the beginning. In this case, the refutation becomes a large part of the proof . . .. At other times when the opp osing arguments are weak, the refutation will play only a minor part in the overall proof. -Winifred Bryan Horner, Rhetoric in the Classical Tradition. St. Martins, 1988 Indirect and Direct Refutation Debaters refute through an indirect means when they use counter-argument to attack the case of an opponent. Counter-argument is the demonstration of such a high degree of probability for your conclusions that the opposing view loses its probability and is rejected...Direct refutation attacks the arguments of the opponent with no reference to the constructive development of an opposing view...The most effective refutation, as you can probably guess, is a combination of the two methods so that the strengths of the attack come from both the destruction of the opponents views and the construction of an opposing view. -Jon M. Ericson, James J. Murphy, and Raymond Bud Zeuschner,  The Debaters Guide, 4th ed. Southern Illinois University Press, 2011An effective refutation must speak directly to an opposing argument. Often writers or speakers will claim to be refuting the opposition, but rather than doing so directly, will simply make another argument supporting their own side. This is a fo rm of the fallacy of irrelevance through evading the issue. -Donald Lazere,  Reading and Writing for Civic Literacy: The Critical Citizens Guide to  Argumentative Rhetoric. Taylor Francis, 2009 Cicero on Confirmation and Refutation [T]he statement of the case . . . must clearly point out the question at issue. Then must be conjointly built up the great bulwarks of your cause, by fortifying your own position, and weakening that of your opponent; for there is only one effectual method of vindicating your own cause, and that includes both the confirmation and refutation. You cannot refute the opposite statements without establishing your own; nor can you, on the other hand, establish your own statements without refuting the opposite; their union is demanded by their nature, their object, and their mode of treatment. The whole speech is, in most cases, brought to a conclusion by some amplification of the different points, or by exciting or mollifying the judges; and every aid must be gathered from the preceding, but more especially from the concluding parts of the address, to act as powerfully as possible upon their minds, and make them zealous converts to your cause. -Cicero, De Oratore, 55 BC Richard Whately on Refutation Refutation of Objections should generally be placed in the midst of the Argument; but nearer the beginning than the end. If indeed very strong objections have obtained much currency, or have been just stated by an opponent, so that what is asserted is likely to be regarded as paradoxical, it may be advisable to begin with a Refutation. -Richard Whately, Elements of Rhetoric, 1846)​ FCC Chairman William Kennards Refutation There will be those who say Go slow. Dont upset the status quo. No doubt we will hear this from competitors who perceive that they have an advantage today and want regulation to protect their advantage. Or we will hear from those who are behind in the race to compete and want to slow down deployment for their own self-interest. Or we will hear from those that just want to resist changing the status quo for no other reason than change brings less certainty than the status quo. They will resist change for that reason alone. So we may well hear from a whole chorus of naysayers. And to all of them, I have only one response: we cannot afford to wait. We cannot afford to let the homes and schools and businesses throughout America wait. Not when we have seen the future. We have seen what high capacity broadband can do for education and for our economy. We must act today to create an environment where all competitors have a fair shot at bringing high capacity bandwidth to consumers- especial ly residential consumers. And especially residential consumers in rural and underserved areas. -William Kennard, Chairman of the FCC, July 27, 1998 Etymology: From the Old English, beat Pronunciation: REF-yoo-TAY-shun

Bus. Research and Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Bus. Research and Writing - Essay Example Selecting the best form of financing is critical for the success of any business venture and this should be guided by the amount required. Ideally, this paper recommends that the business should settle on the cheapest and most available form of financing. They should also establish the amount required before settling on a particular source of financing. Moreover, when seeking debt financing the business should ensure that all the paperwork must be made available. These may include the business plan, bank statements, business history and references. Most business start their operations before the owners decide to expand. This can be done by establishing new ventures or expanding. Some of the new ventures that can be explored include developing new product lines, creating and sustaining a presence in a new geographical area and establishing a new market. Each one of the ventures requires funds in order to be successful. The funds that are required by businesses, organizations or enterp rises either to start up new ventures or to bolster already existing ventures may be acquired through external sources or internal sources. The sources of capital usually depend on whether the business or organization is at an early stage of rapid expansion. The first source of capital for any corporation is usually the retained profits. The corporation has to approximate the amount of money required. The retained profits are the profits that are kept by the corporation rather than being distributed as dividends to the shareholders. The profits are retained in the organization and invested in new business ventures. A business can choose to opt for debt financing. This form of financing allows the borrower to use the money borrowed for a specified period provided they repay the money with some interest. In most instances, the terms of the loan are usually outlined in the loan agreement. To ensure that the repayment of the loan is guaranteed, the loan may be backed by â€Å"collatera l† for the sake of a secured loan or â€Å"cash flow† for the sake of unsecured loans. A corporation can raise capital through the sale of shares. Essentially, shares relate to public limited companies or private limited companies. â€Å"Shares† are self-explanatory and once one buys a shares form a particular company, they in turn own a share of the company. Shares are ideal forms of funding majorly because they are non-redeemable, that is, they form a permanent source of finance and they are usually non-refundable. 2. Introduction Most organizations seek to expand their operations by exploring the prospects of undertaking new ventures. Some of the ventures may include the production of new product line, entry into a new geographical area or the establishment of a new market. With the primary aim of expanding its operations, our firm is intending to create a presence in a new geographical area. For this to happen we will definitely require two considerable sums of money. Some of the notable sources of financing the business may include financing by debt, engaging private investors/angels, selling of shares, early stage venture capital, and expansion stage venture capital (Matthew2011). The companies that are in their early stages may receive their financing from the founders and this may be supplemented by some other financing from friends and family. The founders may also seek financing from other financial institutions but this is usually

Ernesto Che Guevara dela Serna Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ernesto Che Guevara dela Serna - Essay Example At such an early age, he was said to have a dynamic and radical outlook. As a child, he already suffered crippling episodes of asthma that afflicted him throughout his life. Despite this sickness, Guevara was an accomplished athlete who excelled in rugby and became renowned for his aggressive playing style (Anderson). Apart from this, Guevara also stood out in chess and took part in local tournaments at the age of 12. Furthermore, he was a voracious reader with interest ranging from Jack London's and Jules Verne's adventure classics to Sigmund Freud's essays about sexuality and Bertrand Russell's treatises on social philosophy. In addition, Guevara was passionate about poetry and photography (James). During his college years, Guevara entered the University of Buenos Aires to pursue further studies in the medicine in 1948. It was during this time that he was enlightened regarding the poor economic and social conditions in Latin American nations. As a student, Guevara frequently traveled around the region with his friend Alberto Granado. Aboard a 1939 Norton motorcycle, dubbed as La Poderasa II, the two set off intending to spend a few weeks of volunteer work at San Pablo leper colony in Peru. This journey was chronicled in The Motorcycle Diaries, which was translated and adapted into a film. ("Wikipedia") In light of Guevara's analysis relative to the poverty and oppression of the masses, he arrived at a conclusion that the answer to the prevailing socio-economic inequities in Latin America was revolution. With this, he also asserted that his ideology required a continent-wide strategy such that the separate nations would be viewed as one entity. From this he derived the concept of Ibero-America, which means united and borderless Latin American region linked by a common mestizo culture (Anderson). This became a central concept in Guevara's revolutionary undertakings. To start off, in his homeland, Guevara participated in riots against the Argentine dictator Juan Peron ("The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia"). Headstart in Guatemala - The Communist Youth After his graduation from medical school in 1953, Guevara traversed Latin American nations including Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras and El Salvador. He ended up in Guatemala where he was enticed to join the leftist regime of Jacobo Arbenz Guzman ("The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia"). President Arbenz ran a populist government that attempted to cause a social revolution through myriad reforms, specifically land reform ("Revolutionary Youth"). Guevara became involved in the Arbenz administration through Peruvian socialist Hilda Gadea, who introduced him to top ranked government officials (Anderson). It should be noted that it was around this time that Guevara acquired the nickname Che, a term he frequently used which is the Argentine equivalent of pal or mate. In 1954, the coup attempt led by Carlos Castillo Armas and funded by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) had commenced and continuously gained ground. On the other hand, the Arbenz government was supported by the Communist Czechoslovakia that shipped thousands of tons of weapons to Guatemala (Holland). As a supporter of Arbenz, Guevara joined an armed militia under the tutelage of the

Arthur Millers play Essay Example for Free

Arthur Millers play Essay In the book of record that Mr Parris keeps, I note that you are rarely in church on Sabbath day twenty-six times in seventeen month, sir. I must call that rare this can cause people be rebellious and there is also the fact that not everyone feels the same way about religion and forcing people would cause resentment between the community it self, and that is exactly what we find happening. Lets take the Walcotts. They blamed Martha Corey of being a witch. This was due to the fact that she had sold them a pig and it died. When they asked for their money back saying that she had given them a sick pig, she refused and said Walcott, if you havent the wit to feed a pig properly, youll not live to own many After that, the Walcotts claimed that they couldnt keep a pig alive for more than four weeks and so accused her of being a witch. The whole witchcraft business turned into something to settle old grudges. We even find Ann Putnam accusing Rebecca Nurse, who as we know was a very religious and god fearing woman. She accuses her because of her jealousy of Rebecca having so many children and grandchildren and not one of them died. She accused Rebecca of murdering her babies with her powers as a witch. So we find that the community was very much involved in accusing and taking advantage of these witch trials as a way of solving old grudges and to put it to use for their personal vendettas. There was also the mistake of John Proctor. He should have gone to the court and told them at the beginning what Abigail had told him, before the whole thing got so out of hand. The towns mumbling witchcraft. Oh, posh! We were dancin in the woods last night, and my uncle leaped in on us. She took a fright is all This shows that Abigail admits that there is no truth in the witchcraft rumour. By the time he went and told them, they had already thrown a lot of people in jail for witchcraft. For them to listen to Proctor would be admitting that they had made a mistake, and that in it self would mean that other problems would arise for them. Proctors affair with Abigail had also somewhat caused these witch trials. Abigail, due to her infatuation with Proctor had gone to the woods where she drank a blood charm to kill his wife and was discovered by Parris. That was the start of the rumours of witchcraft. There was also the mistake of Elizabeth Proctor. If she had not lied, the court would have been overthrown. Is your husband a lecher?! No sir She spoke nothing of lechery, and this man has lied! The lie caused the fact that Abigail had confessed to Proctor that she had been dancing and that there was no witchcraft done on them, to be dismissed as a lie told by Proctor. So once again the witch trials were back on. Rebecca Nurse seemed to be the only person who understood what was going on. I have seen them all through their silly season She knew that what Betty and Ruth were doing was just their childhood mischiefs. In fact Abigail, when talking to Proctor, had said She took fright, is all about Bettys condition. So we can see that not all of the community was bad. And of course we cannot forget the legal system the courts input into the trials, as they had held them. First of all the rule that if you confessed to witchcraft you would not be hanged but if you didnt then you will hang, is totally preposterous. This means that even if people were innocent, which we know they were, they would have to confess to save their lives. If people confess then it would be known that witchcraft is about in Salem and so there would be no talk of overthrowing the court. In fact even after finding out that the accusations of witchcraft had been a hoax they were not ready to admit mistake and went on further and executed some more people. I cannot think they would run off except they fear to keep in Salem anymore. Mark it, sir, Abigail had close knowledge of this town. This shows that Abigail had been lying. So the question is how much was it Abigails fault that these witch trials took place. After gathering sufficient evidence from the play, one cannot be certain and say that Abigail was to blame entirely because we know it is not entirely true. We know there were other factors and people who supported and played a big part in the trials. We also know that a lot of it was to settle old grudges and to deal with individuals personal vendettas. Still we cannot deny the fact that Abigail was the main reason for these witch trials. The drinking of the blood charm and dancing and heaven knows what else and then being discovered started the talk of witchcraft and after that, one after the other, the drastic events of the Salem witch trials unfolded. In my opinion I feel that Abigail was to blame somewhat although I would not blame her entirely. Living in a strict community and having seen terrible things happen in front of her as a child could definitely not have helped her behaviour and mentality. I myself would also hold responsible the court and people like the Putnams and the Walcotts and also Parris, to some extent, for the trials. Not really for being a cause for starting them as such, although I do think they played some part, but mainly for contributing to them after they had started. As for Abigail, her behaviour cannot be excused, yet we can try and understand why she did what she did. We know that a lot of it had to do with her obsession with Proctor but if we were to look just beneath the surface we would find that, at least in my opinion, that Abigail was somewhat mentally psychotic in some ways and really needed a good and loving home to support her after the murder of her parents to have prevented her from her terrible deeds. By Kausar Hussain 10S Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Smile Molds :: essays research papers

Slime Molds   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are over 500 different types of slime molds, or myxomycetes as the scientific world calls them. Slime molds have been difficult to classify for years do to the fact that they exhibit characteristics of both fungi and animals. In the feeding stage, the slime molds moves about as a mass of protoplasm(the plasmodium)feeding on bacteria, spores, and other organic matter, much like an amoeba does. When conditions become unfavorable , the plasmodium changes, taking on the appearance of a fungus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are two major types of slime molds in the Protist Kingdom. The first kind are the Plasmodial slime molds or true slime molds. They are a rather large singled celled mass with thousands and thousands of nuclei called a plasmodium. They form when individual flagellated cells gather together in a bunch and fuse. This results in one large cytoplasm. The second kind of slime mold spends most of its life as single celled organism that lives alone. It is also known in the scientific world as acrasiomycetes. They release of a chemical signal, gather together, and become a mass called a pseudoplasmodia and eventually multicellular slug. They have different reproductive means and are often separated from plasmodial by scientist.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many kinds of slime molds reproduce by means on spores. The spores drift along in the wind or are carried about by animals and insects much like seeds are. Also, like seeds the spores wait until conditions are favorable before developing. The spore are unable to move on there own. If smile molds reproduced sexually they may be considered to be an Animal instead of an Protist. However, not all slime molds reproduce exactly the same way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The slime mold has a simple environment. They can be found in cool, damp places were they can easily find food. Most species that feed on decaying organic matter, bacteria, protozoa, and other minute organisms, which they engulfs and digests. They may live on plants, but do not try to kill the plant to eat. They do not mean to harm the plant, although they sometimes smother the plant in which they are living on by not allowing sun light reach the leaves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A slime mold may be either bright colored or inconspicuous. They come in many different shapes and forms. They can be found in different sizes ranging from less than an inch to several feet wide. They also come in many different colors.

Religious Freedom

Religious freedom occupies a special place in contemporary political discussions. It should not. This is not because religious freedom is not important but because it is no more and no less important than other forms of freedom of conscience, belief and practice. 2 Many believers point out that faith plays a unique role in their lives. That is often true. Those atheists who dismiss belief in God as no more credible than belief in Santa Claus or in fairies miss the point.Religion is more than an intellectual exercise or a matter of logic; it often has, for believers, a vital social and spiritual function. But acknowledging the vital and unique role of faith in the lives of believers does not commit us to providing it with a privileged position in society. 3 The reason that religious freedom has a special place in contemporary political debate is historical. Ideas of tolerance and of freedom of expression developed in Europe from the seventeenth century onwards primarily within a relig ious framework.Questions of toleration and expression were at heart questions of how, and how far, the state, and the established church, should accommodate religious dissent. We can see this in the arguments of John Locke, whose Letter Concerning Toleration is a key text in the development of modern liberal ideas about freedom of expression and worship. Locke’s starting point was the insistence that the duty of every individual was to seek his own salvation. The means to do so were his religious beliefs and the ability openly to worship.The power of the political authorities could not rightfully extend over either sphere. Written at a time when Europe was rent by tempestuous religious strife, and when intolerance and persecution were the norm, Locke’s was a powerful argument for religious freedom. It was also an exceedingly narrow conception of liberty. Locke’s toleration was rooted primarily in the desire to extend freedom of worship and theological discussion to nonconformist congregations and placed little emphasis on wider issues of freedom of thought or conscience.Indeed Locke was emphatic in refusing to extend toleration to many other groups. Neither Catholics not atheists were, in Locke’s view, deserving of tolerance, the former because they gave their allegiance to a ‘foreign prince’, the latter because their opinions were ‘contrary to human society’ and ‘to the preservation of civil society’. 4 Locke’s near contemporary, the Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza, whose views influenced the Radical Enlightenment, proposed a different concept of tolerance.Spinoza’s starting point, was not, as it was for Locke, the salvation of one’s soul, or the coexistence of churches, but the enhancement of freedom, and the quest for individual liberty and freedom of expression. All attempts to curb free expression, he insisted, not only curtailed legitimate freedom but was futile. â⠂¬ËœNo man†¦ can give up his freedom to judge and think as he pleases, and everyone is by absolute natural right master of his own thoughts’, Spinoza wrote, so ‘it follows that utter failure will attend any attempt in a state to force men to speak only as prescribed by the sovereign despite their different and opposing opinion.’ ’The right of the sovereign, both in the religious and secular spheres’, he concluded, ‘should be restricted to men’s actions, with everyone being allowed to think what he wishes and say what he thinks’. It is a more inclusive vision of freedom than Locke’s, and a more useful starting point – and conclusion – when thinking about contemporary freedom. 5 Modern ideas of freedom and tolerance are usually seen, particularly in the West, as having derived from Locke. In fact they draw upon both Locke and Spinoza. The US First Amendment owes much to Spinoza’s conception of freed om.Even in Europe, where freedom of expression is construed in narrower terms, Spinoza’s influence remains important, if unacknowledged. However, despite the broadening of the conception of liberty and tolerance, the idea that freedom of religion is a special freedom, an idea that derives primarily from Locke, remains entrenched. 6 Today, we live in very different world from that in which concepts of religious freedom first developed. Religion is no longer the crucible within which political and intellectual debates take place.Questions of freedom and tolerance are not about how the dominant religious establishment should respond to dissenting religious views, but about the degree to which society should tolerate, and the law permit, speech and activity that might be offensive, hateful, harmful to individuals or undermine national security. We can now see more clearly that religious freedom is not a special kind of liberty but one of a broader set of freedoms. If we were thin k about religious freedom from first principles today, it would not have a special place compared to other forms of freedom of conscience, belief, assembly or action.7 Whatever one’s beliefs, secular or religious, there should be complete freedom to express them, short of inciting violence or other forms of physical harm to others. Whatever one’s beliefs, secular or religious, there should be freedom to assemble to promote them. And whatever one’s beliefs, secular or religious, there should be freedom to act upon those beliefs, so long as in so doing one neither physically harms another individual without their consent, nor transgresses that individual’s rights in the public sphere.These should be the fundamental principles by which we judge the permissibility of any belief or act, whether religious or secular. 8 Many on both sides of the debate about religious freedom continue to treat religion as special. Many atheists want to deny religion the rights a ccorded to others forms of belief. Many religious believers want to retain privileges for religion. Both are wrong. 9 Some atheists argue that secularism requires that religion be kept out of the public sphere.It is an argument that cannot be right any more than the claim that the views of racists, conservatives, communists or gay activists must be kept out of the public sphere. A secular space cannot be one in which religion is not permitted to be present. It is, rather, a space in which one religion is granted no advantage over another, nor over any secular philosophy or ideology. It must also be one, however, in which no religion is disadvantaged with respect to another religion, or with respect to secular philosophies and ideologies. 10Many atheists demand also that religious symbols be banned in the public sphere. Many states and corporations have imposed such bans, from the refusal to allow the wearing of the cross in the workplace to the outlawing of the burqa in public place s. Such bans are infringements of the basic freedoms set out in #7. An employer has every right to ban kinds of clothing that might be, say, dangerous in a particular workplace. He or she also has the right, in certain circumstances, and within limits, to insist that employees wear a particular uniform, or to desist from wearing something inappropriate.But there should be no general ban on particular forms of clothing or adornment, and certainly no general ban on specifically religious clothing or symbols. 11 The real dilemmas with religious freedom arise out of questions not of beliefs or symbols but of practices. Many beliefs, religious and secular, imply particular practices. The belief that homosexuality is a sin requires that one refrain from gay relationships or gay sex. The belief that life begins at conception requires that one does not have an abortion or help anyone else to do so.And so on. As a society we should tolerate as far as is possible the desire of people to live according to their conscience. But that toleration ends when someone acting upon his or her conscience causes harm to another without consent, or infringes another’s genuine rights. 12 It is not just in the case of religion that there is a strong relationship between belief and practice. Racists, communists, Greens, New Age mystics – all could claim that their beliefs enforce upon them certain actions or practices.We do not, however, allow racists, communists, Greens, or New Age mystics to act upon their beliefs if in so doing they harm others or deny them their legitimate rights. A racist pub owner cannot bar black people from his pub, however deep-set his beliefs. It would be a criminal offence for Greens to destroy a farmer’s field of legally grown GM crops, however strongly they might feel about such agriculture. There is a line, in other words, that cannot be crossed even if conscience requires one to. That line should be in the same place for religious bel ievers as for non-believers.Society should accommodate as far as is possible any action genuinely required by conscience, but not where such acts harms another or infringes their rights. Of course, a religious believer might claim that he or she faces a different kind of compulsion to that felt by a racist, a communist or anyone else attached to secular beliefs. He or she may feel commanded by God to act in a particular way. It may well be true that a believer feels a different kind of compulsion. But the reason for which someone feels compelled to act in a particular way is not necessarily relevant to whether or not such acts should be legally permitted. 13The fact that acts of conscience may sometimes have to be curbed does not mean that in these cases there is a ‘conflict of rights’. Just as there is a right to free speech but no right not to be offended, so there is a right not to be harmed and to equal treatment, but no right to harm or to discriminate. This is ess ential to protect religious freedom. An atheist bar-owner should have no right, whatever his conscience may say, to bar people of faith, any more than a Christian bar-owner has the right to bar gays. Such curbs on acts of conscience simply mean that we live not alone on a desert island but together in a crowded society.14 How would the argument so far throw light on recent conflicts over matters of religious freedom? Should religions have the right to prevent the publication of cartoons or books or plays that are deemed offensive? No. Religious freedom requires that people of faith be allowed to speak or act in ways that might offend others. It does not that require others do not cause offence or promote blasphemy. Is it legitimate for a state to ban the burqa? It is not. Wearing a burqa neither harms, nor discriminates against, others.Of course, one might well believe that the burqa harms the woman who wears it and is an expression of discrimination against women. A liberal society accepts, however, that individuals should free to make choices that may not be in their interest and that, to liberal eyes, demean them. This applies even to particularly distasteful expressions of degradation, such as the wearing of the burqa. If women are forced to wear the burqa against their will, the law should protect them against that coercion. It should not, however, impose a ban on those who have chosen to wear the burqa.Some suggest that burqas cause harm because they may pose security problems, or be incompatible with the needs of particular jobs. Such practical problems can usually be solved on a case-by-case basis without the need for draconian legislation. Should an employee be allowed to wear a cross at work? In almost every case the answer should be ‘Yes’. There may be a pragmatic case for, say, banning loose chains that in certain workplaces may be dangerous; but it is difficult to see what right an employer has simply to ban the wearing of a cross as a religious symbol.Should gay marriage be legalized? Yes. This is a matter both of secular equality and of religious freedom. On the one hand, the state should not exclude gays from the civil institution of marriage simply because of religious hostility. On the other, some faith groups wish to bless to gay marriage. For the state to deny them that right because other faith groups disagree would be to undermine religious freedom. What the state should not do is to force religious bodies to accept or consecrate gay marriage. Should a Catholic adoption agency be allowed to turn away gay prospective parents?If the agency receives public funding, or performs a service on behalf of the state, then the answer is ‘No’. It would then be legitimate for the state to insist that the agency does not discriminate, despite Catholic views on homosexuality. If, however, it is a private agency – if it is simply performing a service for Catholic parents who subscribe to its views o n homosexuality – then the answer should be ‘Yes’. Should Christian bed and breakfast owners be allowed to turn away gays? Such owners, even if they are turning their own home into a b’n’b, are providing a service from which a gay couple could reasonably expect equal treatment.The answer, therefore, is ‘No’. Should Catholic-run hospitals or schools be forced to give employees health insurance that includes free contraception? This is, of course, a source of major controversy in the USA. The answer is ‘Yes’. This is not a matter of religious freedom, but of employee rights. Churches are not being forced to provide contraception. In their role as secular employers, they are being asked to provide employee benefits that all employers must provide. To exempt Church-run organizations would be to deny those benefits to a particular group of employees. 15Having said all this, many of these conflicts would be better resolved throug h the pragmatic use of common sense than through the strict application of principle, particularly when those principles remain socially contested. A religious believer should not normally have the legal right to discriminate. But if it is possible to arrange matters so that a believer can act according to conscience without causing harm or discrimination to others, then it might be worthwhile doing so. In principle, a Christian marriage registrar should expect to have to perform gay civil partnerships, whatever their religious beliefs.However, it might make pragmatic sense to roster others to perform ceremonies for gay couples, not because we should accept prejudice – prejudice, whether religious or secular in form, should always be challenged – but in acknowledgement of the fact that genuine social conflict exists on this issue. We should not give an inch to bigotry. Someone whose ‘conscience’ would not allow them to work with gays, or to marry Jews, sho uld clearly not be indulged. Nevertheless, many oppose gay partnerships or marriages as a matter of conscience and not simply through homophobia (albeit that ‘conscience’ can, of course, often be a cover for homophobia).We can both challenge such attitudes and accept that on matters of genuine conscience, a little leeway or accommodation that allows someone to live by their principles may be desirable. The law should not make any such accommodation. But as individuals, or as organizations, it may be wise to, though not at the cost of causing harm, allowing discrimination or endorsing bigotry. 16 There are exceptional cases in which we should set aside these basic principles. A marriage registrar should be expected in principle, if not necessarily in practice, to perform gay civil partnerships.But we should not expect a doctor or a nurse, even in principle, to perform an abortion, if they feel to do so is against their beliefs. Whatever we may think of the belief that li fe begins at conception, it would be unreasonable in the extreme to expect those who do hold that belief to commit what they consider to be murder. 17 A pragmatic approach to matters of religious conscience is neither a sign of ‘weakness’ nor a matter of ‘accommodating’ the devil. Standing by political principle is vitally important, including the principle that people should have the right to act upon their conscience if possible.Why is that principle important? Because we recognize with Spinoza that ‘No man can give up his freedom to judge and think as he pleases, and everyone is by absolute natural right master of his own thoughts’. To recognize that is to recognize also that it is better if people are persuaded to act in a particular way, by exercising their freedom to judge and think, than being forced to do so by the power of the state. There are times when the state has to wield the big stick, particularly if ‘acts of conscienceâ⠂¬â„¢ lead to physical harm or discrimination.But such occasions, as a matter of principle, should be minimized as far as possible. To be pragmatic in this matter is to keep to one’s principles. 18 The aim of rethinking religious freedom is to strengthen, not weaken, it. It is to establish it not as a special privilege arising out of the turmoil of seventeenth century Europe but as one of a set of indispensible freedoms rooted in the needs and possibilities of the twenty-first century world. To defend religious freedom in this manner is not to defend religion. It is to defend freedom.

Participant Groups Essay

Describe the Problem – The local community has constantly experienced trouble from the activity of youth gangs that are usually at odds with one another. Their conflicts usually end up in violent riots at different public places such as the plaza, the park, and the children’s community playground. Although most of these events happen during the dead of night and hardly any non-gang member in the community has gotten hurt because of them, the riots usually end up destroying community property such as street lamps, road signs, etc. The local sheriff’s department is usually inadequate in patrolling the streets at night. Their small number can only afford only a couple of deputies to do nightshifts. Hence, the gangs usually get away with their riots. Select Intended Participant Groups – Volunteers from the community who are agreeable to the creation of a neighborhood watch. They mainly comprise of young men and concerned fathers who are willing to take shifts at beefing up the night watch. Select a Setting – The community, including and most especially the sites usually frequented by the youth gangs such as the community playground, the park, and the plaza. Set Goals and Objectives – To reduce and eventually eliminate the incidence of youth violence at night due to youth gang riots. Select an Appropriate Intervention – A neighborhood watch. This is the formation of a group of dedicated individuals who would patrol at night as an auxiliary, unarmed division of the sheriff department’s nightshift watch. Locate Resources for your Intervention – vehicles can be solicited from willing contributors, rented from a local shop, or provided by the volunteers themselves. Communication equipment can be borrowed from the excess in the sheriff’s department. Funding for gas, batteries, and other miscellaneous materials shall be requested from the company. Involve the Community – Aside from the volunteers, the rest of the community will be made aware of the intervention through various information dissemination drives involving the school and the community leaders. Develop your Activities and Materials – Activities include violence pacification training of volunteers by sheriff’s department, volunteer evaluation and subsequent deployment. Materials to be developed are mobility and communications equipment. Staff your Intervention – The staff for the intervention consist of the volunteers, and selected deputies from the sheriff’s department to provide the necessary training and evaluation of volunteers. Train your Staff – Training involves violence pacification techniques, proper use of communication hardware, driving protocol, and aggression response protocols. Implement your Intervention – Implementation shall proceed as soon as enough volunteers have been trained and appropriate resources have been acquired. Monitor your Intervention – Each head volunteer per deployment is expected to monitor and record the events that transpire during his watch and submit reports to the company for evaluation. Evaluate your Intervention – the evaluation will be based on volunteer records, volunteer and community assessment, and independent assessment done by company representatives. The key points of evaluation are the rate of youth violence due to gangs after intervention implementation, community response and the viability of continued implementation.

Free Essays on Hungary

Families The average family size in Hungary is four. Hungary, like other former Communist countries in the region, suffers from a shortage of housing. The typical family of four in a large city often lives in a cramped two-bedroom apartment. Families in Hungary tend to form deep bonds with each other. Children rarely break contact with parents. In the countryside families are larger than in the city. Children are dealt with strictly to prepare them for hard work and discipline later in life. In the home, the wife is expected to cook meals and clean the house, in addition to taking care of the children, even if she holds one or more jobs. Hungarian men do not have a tradition of helping with home responsibilities, and they are used to being waited on. Presently, old attitudes toward women are changing slowly, as the young think more about women’s rights. Art Played a major role in social movements. Pottery is an ancient craft industry. The earliest Hungarian pottery dates back to the 9th century. The art of making pottery still flourishes. The most familiar Hungarian pottery features traditional flower patterns that are also seen in embroidery on skirts and blouses. Hungarian craftspeople are famous for their delicate embroidery, beautiful pottery, and hand-carved wood products. The Matyo region east of Budapest is one of the famous textile and crafts center. Music There are two kinds of Hungarian music. One is folk music, which often contains Gypsy sounds. The other is classical music. It is more complex and formal than folk music, though it often includes folk melodies and rhythms. The folk songs of old were rarely written down rather it was played in villages and passed down from generation to generation. Hungarian folk songs use a five-note scale different than the European seven-note scale. The most famous instrument associated with Hungarian folk music is the zither. The zither is a many-stringed inst... Free Essays on Hungary Free Essays on Hungary Families The average family size in Hungary is four. Hungary, like other former Communist countries in the region, suffers from a shortage of housing. The typical family of four in a large city often lives in a cramped two-bedroom apartment. Families in Hungary tend to form deep bonds with each other. Children rarely break contact with parents. In the countryside families are larger than in the city. Children are dealt with strictly to prepare them for hard work and discipline later in life. In the home, the wife is expected to cook meals and clean the house, in addition to taking care of the children, even if she holds one or more jobs. Hungarian men do not have a tradition of helping with home responsibilities, and they are used to being waited on. Presently, old attitudes toward women are changing slowly, as the young think more about women’s rights. Art Played a major role in social movements. Pottery is an ancient craft industry. The earliest Hungarian pottery dates back to the 9th century. The art of making pottery still flourishes. The most familiar Hungarian pottery features traditional flower patterns that are also seen in embroidery on skirts and blouses. Hungarian craftspeople are famous for their delicate embroidery, beautiful pottery, and hand-carved wood products. The Matyo region east of Budapest is one of the famous textile and crafts center. Music There are two kinds of Hungarian music. One is folk music, which often contains Gypsy sounds. The other is classical music. It is more complex and formal than folk music, though it often includes folk melodies and rhythms. The folk songs of old were rarely written down rather it was played in villages and passed down from generation to generation. Hungarian folk songs use a five-note scale different than the European seven-note scale. The most famous instrument associated with Hungarian folk music is the zither. The zither is a many-stringed inst...

Free sample - Problems Related to Bullying of Students. translation missing

Problems Related to Bullying of Students. Problems Related to Bullying of StudentsBullying of Students in Schools and Suggested Solutions Bullying of students in schools has both long ranging emotional and physical problems to both the students being bullied and the bully. The emotional problems that the bullied children encounter are quite enormous (Olweus, 1994, p.23). Some of these problems are lack of self esteem for the student since if the form of this bullying involves teasing; abuses or even physical beating they weigh down the emotions of the child leaving them feeling unworthy to live. Stress is eminent in children being bullied in school and this will always cause the child mental problems in the future if not mitigated in time to allow the child to live a normal life (Craig ,1998, p.13). The issue of stress will generate a further problem in the child where you are likely to witness diminishing academic performance. Bullying can also lead to lack of social confidence. This occurs mainly because the child will feel they lack in their social standing and that is why they are constantly bullied by their peers. They also feel that they are being silenced and that way they may not have the confidence to even face those in authority and explain what is happening to them. This fact aggravates the situation because this will give their bullies the confidence to perpetrate this vice further. Behavioral change occurs in students who constantly get bullied. this may manifest itself in all manners ranging from withdrawal symptoms, unhappiness, poor appetite, complaining of being always 'sick' so as to avoid going to school even in situations where the student had been very enthusiastic about it daily, and avoidance of using certain routes which the student used routinely (Craig ,1998, p.16). These issues will always affect the students’ ability to live a free life due to the fear of being attacked by their bullies. Being frightened is also a problem associated with bullying in schools. Students who are constantly bullied are always frightened and this will hamper the students' ability to socialize freely with the people around them. The underlying problems generally associated with bullying not only affect the bullied students but also affects the bully themselves. These behaviors may culminate in poor academic performances on these bullies since once they do it they may have a sense of satisfaction thus leading poor concentration on studies. Some of them do it to get noticed by their peers and this also gives them a sense of pride despite poor grades in school (Salmivalli, Lagerspetz Bjà ¶rkqvist, 1996, p.7). Students who bully their fellow students may carry this behavior to their adulthood leading to poor social interrelations which may impede their pursuit of fine jobs since they do not fit well at work place. These behaviors may also lead to poor relationships in adulthood and affect their ability to establish family relations and even raise one (Whitney Smith, 1993, p.11). Students who get bullied are also affected physically. The physical attack on a student will leave the student with bodily harm which may be bruises or even serious injuries such as fractures in severe cases or deep cuts to the body. Severe bullying may also leave the students’ health deteriorating day by day. This may manifest itself in form of serious body weight loss. Students who have severe stress as a result of bullying may experience loss of appetite and lead to serious health problems such malnutrition, lack essential vitamins (Whitney Smith, 1993, p.11). Poor health may lead to poor brain development depending on the age of the student and in the long run lead to poor academic performances. Early childhood development being a crucial stage in life ought to be handled carefully so as to give the child a great future (Kaltiala-Heino, Rimpel Rantanen, 2000, p.6). When the above problems are noticed in school going children, it is imperative for parents and guardians to take the first step to establish what is bothering their children (Smith, 1999, p.5). This is because knowing and understanding the causes of their children's problems will give them the next cause of action towards eliminating the causes and helping their children to heal. Firstly, talk to your children and encourage them to talk freely about what they are going through, assuring them that whatever they are going through can be solved if they reveal all the details of their problems (O’Connell Pepler, 1999, p.18). It is important that you clearly tell the child all that you have noticed them in terms of behavioral change and also assure them that whatever they are undergoing is not their own fault and therefore revealing information will lead to solving all the problems they are undergoing. As a parent or guardian it is important to get to the bottom of the matter by gathering all related information from the child. This should include who has been bulling your child, when and where this occurred and maybe what may have triggered this to happen (O’Connell Pepler, 1999, p.18). Once these details are obtained from the child it gives the parent clear guidelines on how to approach the whole situation Parents are advised to encourage children to report the matter or any form of bullying to the school authorities whenever they occur, giving all the details of the vice to the best knowledge of their child (Olweus, 1991, p.12). In cases where the child is too frightened to speak about the same .parents are advised to take up the matter firmly and go to the school authorities and give the all the details as obtained from their child. By doing so, the authorities will find the matter more serious and give it immediate attention (Olweus, 1994, p.8). Schools are also advised to partner with the government so as to formulate policies of addressing cases of bullying in learning institutions for this will set up a framework within which schools will generate policies in line with the set legal framework.

MARKETING ANALYSIS PROJECT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

MARKETING ANALYSIS PROJECT - Assignment Example Most assuredly, marketing mix entails a four P marketing strategy that involves price strategy, placement, product development, and promotion (Goi 2009, p. 1-4). Methodology This paper will do a market analysis of a major British Company, Costa Coffee and most specifically analyze the marketing mix that the company adopted since 2009. In doing this, I will analyze the advantages and disadvantages of implementing an integrated marketing mix as well as the challenges and opportunities that influence marketing decisions and prevent Costa Coffee from attaining a competitive advantage. Main Findings Marketing mix translates marketing planning into practice in establishing an effective marketing strategy. The managers adopt marketing mix to suit consumers’ needs and develop long-term and short-term marketing programs that will suit the company’s objectives. Indeed, marketing mix is a powerful marketing concept that enhances marketing, derives a firm’s competitive advan tage, ensures delegation of marketing responsibilities, and separates marketing from other activities in a firm (Goi 2009, p. 1-4). Moreover, marketing mix helps in trading off the benefits of one’s competitive strengths in the marketing mix against the benefits of her competitors. Notably, the marketing mix adopted by accompany depends on available resources, customer’s needs, and market forces. ... The Italian brothers Bruno and Sergio Costa founded the company in 1971 but Whitbread took it over in 1995 (Poulter 2013, p. 1). The headquarters of Costa Coffee is at Dunstable, United Kingdom. Indeed, the company has more than 1,700 stores across 28 countries in the world. Moreover, the company operates more than 1,200 outlets in UK and 2,500 Costa Express vending facilities to increase its presence in the coffee market (Costa Coffee 2013, p. 1). Costa Coffee was the second largest coffeehouse chain in the world after Starbucks but the situation changed in 2010 when Costa Coffee became the UK’s biggest coffee chain. As such, Costa Coffee is now the largest and fastest growing coffee shop chain in the UK. Additionally, the company has benefitted from a customer backlash against Starbucks to gain a customer base of more than 4 million customers a week (Bowers 2012, p. 1). Indeed, Starbucks had disputable tax affairs that emanated from paying little or no corporation tax despit e its huge sales turnover. The company also has a foundation, Costa Foundation that helps communities to grow (Costa Coffee 2013, p. 1). Most importantly is the fact that the company’s global recognition is on an increasing trend and the company is seeking to establish its presence into new markets. As such, the company’s marketing strategy is very fundamental. Ideally, the presence of few market barriers necessitates the company to use effective marketing strategies to remain visible and viable in the market. It is quite notable that marketing will entail predicting the customers’ needs and seeking to satisfy those needs with an aim of boosting sales and creating a competitive advantage. As such, Costa Coffee adopts a marketing mix that will ensure the development of products that

Analysis of Three Books in Literacy Development among Children Essay

Analysis of Three Books in Literacy Development among Children - Essay Example The aim of the commentary will be to develop a case study using various approaches. The three sources acknowledge the fact that earlier cognitive abilities by children are essential for future literacy development. Arnold (2003) indicates the process that enhances Harry’s cognitive ability. At this point, the mother plays an important role in ensuring Harry undergoes the learning process successfully. Adams (1990) states that early cognitive ability determines how a child will grasp literacy concepts while in school. Adams applies the concept to a child’s earlier phonemic awareness using an earlier cognitive ability. Peccei (2006) uses the cognitive ability of a given child to recognize complex structure words. The common approaches the three authors deploy relates to Piaget cognitive theory. The three concepts of the theory are visible in the books in that parents and the pre-school environment is identified by the authors as Schemas. They also indicate the development of this cognitive ability through different stages before a child is enrolled into the formal educational systems. The books, however, use different writing style. Arnold (2003) uses a descriptive style where he gives a day-to-day account of Harry and hence giving the reader the ability to make a conclusion based on the events. Harry’s life events are based on observations and the author uses these events to ascertain the early cognitive ability of a child. Peccei (2006) and Adams (1990) use an analytical approach in displaying cognitive abilities among children. They both draw from existing researchers to explain certain events in a given child’s life. They analyze the environment in which children would best learn their cognitive ability and focuses majorly on the literacy developmental stages. The differences in style indicate the diverse nature in which cognitive abilities are displayed and learned.  Ã‚  

Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Management Essay - 6

Enterprise and Entrepreneurial Management - Essay Example It is important to consider financial, legal, marketing and other related business considerations in order to keep an enterprise organised in every aspect of it to survive the competition. Competition is everywhere and there are various ways made by business organisations that try to make them a cut above any other. It is in this reason that there is a need to completely set everything prepared and ready before an enterprise can keep going. Hence, a business plan. Idea Generation As the familiar adage puts it, ‘Knowledge is power’. Everything that comes to be created must start with an idea and all generated ideas can be combined together to form a substantial knowledge on certain things, issues or activities. In business activities, there is a need to consolidate all the necessaries and this would include basic data, the business details, financial data, financial reports, supporting documents and more (Cross and Richey, 1998). Therefore, understanding the basic compone nts of each of these will lead to the generation of better ideas. Placing it in the context of business plan making, all of these mentioned basic components can be substantially included in the outline. ... ctives From the idea of Porter (1980) on competitive strategy in reaching competitive advantage, everything about this whole process starts with an objective. The objective itself encompasses everything about formulating strategies. Strategic objectives are very important in business plan since these would determine the right actions to take in order for the business to keep going, competitively above any other. The objective simply starts with knowing what the business owner desires most which might be in line with profit, stature, satisfaction, security and many more (Cross and Richey, 1998). In knowing these desires, the right objectives are obtained and it is through knowing them one may be able to strategically formulate objectives that will ensure competitive advantage. It is impossible therefore to formulate strategic objectives if the business owners do not have complete idea on what they really want to achieve. It is therefore clear that the strategic objectives in any busin ess plan must be able to integrate all the desires and wants of the business owners in order to carefully select the right target to be set for the venture. Market Analysis and Research Here is another important consideration in any business plan. Market analysis and research are widely discussed aspects in every business. This is the reason why there is a growing body of knowledge in marketing particularly on its detailed aspects such as market analysis and research. A business plan therefore must be able to have market analysis and research considering that the whole business process includes marketing activities and part of these is to understand the interaction between the enterprise and the market in general (Kotler et al., 1999; Boone and Kurtz, 2006). The market is a broad area since

The Christians Doctrine Of Trinity

The Christians Doctrine Of Trinity During my a yearlong stay in Australia in 2009, once I happened to visit St Marys Cathedral in Sydney and witness Sunday Services, a formalized way of communal worship by the followers of worlds largest and celebrated religion the Christianity. The services involved singing of hymns, reading of verses from the Holy Scriptures and possibly a Psalm, a sermon by the Archbishop and then Baptisms of a few young believers. The services were followed by a very informative guided tour of the Cathedral giving a quick insight into the history of the Christianity in Australia in general and of St Marys Cathedral in particular. Impressed by the enriched history of the Christianity and captivated by this very orderly and benevolent way of offering prayers by the Christians Catholic community, I aimed to study the Christian religion in detail and explore its various aspects. However, the most vital factor which led me to write this paper is my eagerness to understand and analyze a shadowy and controversial yet vital Christians Doctrine of the Trinity, as during my visit to the Cathedral I was amazed to view the sermon and hymns glorifying the God, the Christ and the Holy Spirit while putting them all at equal to one and another, despite of the fact that the Christianity, besides Judaism and Islam, is a Monotheistic religion which believes in only one God. In pursuance to my eagerness to understand and research on the subject matter, I went through a number of books and research articles about Christianity in general and the Doctrine of Trinity in particular written by numerous writers professing differing school of thoughts. Having gone through all these writings, my understanding about the Doctrine of Trinity remained as bewildering as ever before. However, being a student of MPhil in Socio-Cultural Anthropology once I tried to analyse the subject matter in anthropological perspective, my understanding of the issue became much explicit and I could make sense of many underlying facts about this mysterious faith of Christianity. While doing my research work and writing this paper I have used the secondary data. However, I fully acknowledge and thank for the continual assistance provided by my instructors, my class fellows, and the Bahria Universitys library staff during my drawn-out research work. Introduction The most debated mystery of the Christian faith has been the Doctrine of Trinity, which defines God as three divine persons God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit. These three persons, though distinct from one another, co-exist in unity and are co-equal, co-eternal and consubstantial. Most Christians often say they believe in the Trinity, yet they differ in their understanding of it. There are numerous Trinitarian conceptions that exist today, but generally the Trinity belief is that in the Godhead there are three persons, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost; yet, together they are but one God. Supporters of the Trinity say that it is founded not only on religious tradition but also on teachings of the Bible. The Greek Orthodox Church calls the Trinity the fundamental doctrine of Christianity, even saying Christians are those who accept Christ as God. In the book Our Orthodox Christian Faith the same Church declares: God is triune . . . . The Father is totally God. The Son is totally God. The Holy Spirit is totally God. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church describes the Trinity as the central dogma of Christian theology. On the other hand, the critics of the Doctrine of Trinity say it false and man self-fabricated, as the God Almighty stands alone as a separate, eternal, and all-powerful being. They argue that Jesus in his prehumen existence was, like the angels, a separate spirit person created by God, and for this reason he must have had a beginning, i.e. there was a time when he was not. They instill that Jesus has never been Almighty Gods equal in any sense; he has always been subject to God and still is. They also believe that the Holy Ghost is not a person but Gods spirit, his active force. The opponents of the doctrine claim that it is not a Bible teaching, one history source even declaring the origin of the Trinity as entirely pagan. Since the inception of doctrine of Trinity into Christianity about fifteen centuries ago, most Christians who believe in this doctrine have never actually checked it out to see why they believe it. They just assume that it must be true because it is what most churches teach. In addition, many people think it is wrong to question doctrines like this. But the reality is that many Christians who accept the doctrine of Trinity, remain confused and even those who have a deeper understanding of it admit that they do not understand it completely and cant defend it when challenged. Once stuck, their eventual response is that the Trinity is hard to understand because God is beyond human thinking. There is another disturbing aspect of this debate that many Christians believe in different Trinity doctrines or at least they understand this doctrine in different ways. Some believe that God is one being that shows himself in three different ways, like water shows itself in the form of ice, steam, and liquid. Others believe that the Trinity is made up of three distinct personalities and these three are in complete unity in love and purpose. Notwithstanding the above, the aim of this paper is to explore and comprehend the Christians Doctrine of Trinity from different aspects including the anthropological perspective. In doing so, I will first briefly glance at Christianity as a religion while looking into its origin, brief history and the basic beliefs. Then I will deliberate upon one of Christianitys most controversial yet pivotal teachings, i.e. the Doctrine of Trinity. In this part of the paper, I will address some of vital questions concerning the Doctrine of Trinity and will try to find their answers from the available texts and writings. Thereupon, I will analyse the said doctrine from anthropological perspective while applying a French social theorist Michael Foucaults renowned theory on knowledge is power. I will also highlight perspectives about religion by a few other great philosophers like Ludwig Feuerbach, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Sigmund Freud. At the end I will draw my conclusion. Christianity at a Glance Its Origin, Brief History and Basic Beliefs The Christianity is a monotheistic and Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of a Jewish preacher named Yeshua, commonly known as Jesus Christ, who lived in Nazareth, a small town in Galilee of Roman province Judaea, about 2,000 years ago. Yeshua was born to a Virgin Mary probably between 7 and 4 BCE, and was executed in Jerusalem in the spring of the year 30 CE on the orders of the Roman Prefect, Pontius Pilate. After Yeshuas death, his apostles formed the Jewish Christian movement, concentrated in Jerusalem. One of Yeshuas Apostles Simon Peter and then James, who is viewed as either Yeshuas brother or cousin, headed the group. They regarded themselves as a reform movement within Judaism; as they continued to sacrifice at the temple, circumcise their male children, and follow Jewish kosher food laws etc. Around 34 CE, Saul of Tarsus, originally a persecutor of the Jewish Christians, while travelling on the road from Jerusalem to Damascus on a mission to apprehend the Jewish Christians had a vision of the resurrected Jesus in a great light. He converted to Christianity and adopted the new name of Paul the Apostle, and became the greatest theologian of the early Christian movement. His writings, along with those of the author(s) of the Gospel of John, provided much of the theological foundation for what has been called Pauline Christianity, a movement that spread throughout the northern and eastern Mediterranean basin. Paul Christianity, which started around 37 CE, was directed primarily to Gentiles, i.e. non-Jews. The third contesting belief system was Gnostic Christianity, which taught that Jesus was a spirit sent by God to impart knowledge to humans so that they could escape the miseries of life on earth. In addition to Jewish, Pauline and Gnostic Christianity, there were many other versions of Christianity being taught. However, after the destruction of Jerusalem by the Roman Army in 70 CE, the Jewish Christian movement was largely dissipated which left Pauline and Gnostic Christianity as the dominant Christian groups. Gentiles within the movement took over control of the former movement. As compare to other beliefs systems, the Pauline Christianity grew quickly in size and influence over a few decades, and by 313 CE Roman Empire recognized it was a valid religion and by 387 CE it became the official religion of the Roman Empire, replacing other forms of religions earlier being practiced under the Roman rule. Gnostic Christianity was severely persecuted, both by the Roman Empire and the Pauline Christian churches. During the Middle-Ages, most of the Europe was Christianized. Following the Age of Discovery, through colonization and missionary work, Christianity spread to the American subcontinents, Australasia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the rest of the world. As of today, the Christianity is the most popular and largest religion in the world with around 2.34 billion followers, constituting 33.35 % of worlds total population and growing further at the rate of 1.38 % per annum. It is the predominant religion in Europe, the Americas and Southern Africa, and, in one form or another, is the sole state religion of several countries. During the 7th century CE, power in the Christian world became polarized in Constantinople and Rome. These two Christian centers gradually grew apart in belief and practice. In 1054 CE, a split was formalized between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. Later on, in the 16th century various schisms including the Protestant Reformation led to a fragmentation within the Western Church. The Protestant movement has since splintered into what is now many groups of denominations, and tens of thousands of individual denominations. Consequently, as of today there are three main groups practicing Christianity worldwide; the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Protestant Churches. There are other Christian groups as well that do not fit neatly into any one of these primary categories, like Oriental Orthodox, Assyrian Church. Of all the Christians in the world today about half are Roman Catholic. Though, there are many differences of interpretation and opinion of the Bible on which the Christianity is based, Christians share a set of beliefs that they hold as essential to their faith. The central tenet of Christianity is the belief in Jesus as the Son of God and the Messiah (Christ). The title Messiah comes from the Hebrew word mÄ Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¡ià ¡Ãƒâ€ž meaning anointed one. Christians believe that Jesus, as the Messiah, was anointed by God as saviour of humanity, and hold that Jesus coming was the fulfillment of messianic prophecies of the Old Testament. The foundation of Christian theology is expressed in the early Christian ecumenical creeds which contain claims predominantly accepted by followers of the Christian faith. These professions state that Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit and born from the Virgin Mary, was crucified, buried, and resurrected from the dead in order to grant eternal life to those who believe in him and trust him for the remission of their sins. They further maintain that Jesus bodily ascended into heaven where he rules and reigns with God the Father. Most denominations teach that Jesus will return to judge all humans, living and dead, and grant eternal life to his followers. He is considered the model of a virtuous life, and both the revealer and physical incarnation of God. Christianity has played a pivotal role in shaping of the worlds socio-cultural, political and economic scenario, especially the Western civilization. In words of a renowned American scholar Sam Pascoe, Christianity started out in Palestine as a fellowship; it moved to Greece and became a philosophy; it moved to Italy and became an institution; it moved to Europe and became a culture; it came to America and became an enterprise. The Doctrine of Trinity Exploring the Doctrine of Trinity The Christian Doctrine of the Trinity defines God as three divine persons, the Father, the Son (Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit. The three persons are distinct yet coexist in unity, and are co-equal, co-eternal and consubstantial. According to this doctrine, there is only one God in three persons. Each of them is said to be without beginning having existed for eternity. Each is said to be Almighty, neither greater nor lesser than the others. Each is said to be a complete God in every sense of the word which includes Gods attributes and all are equal in time, position, power and knowledge. Together, these three persons are sometimes called the Godhead. In the words of the Athanasian Creed, an early statement of Christian belief, the Father is God, the Son is God, and the Holy Spirit is God, and yet there are not three Gods but one God. According this Doctrine, though distinct from one another, the three persons cannot be divided from one another in being or in operation. In other words, God is not divided in the sense that each person has a third of the whole; rather, each person is considered to be fully God. The distinction lies in their relations, the Father being un-begotten; the Son being begotten of the Father; and the Holy Spirit proceeding from the Father and (in Western Christian theology) from the Son. Regardless of this apparent difference, the three persons are each eternal and omnipotent. While distinct in their relations with one another, they are one in all else. This ancient diagram explains the Trinity quite well. According to researchers, the word Trinity is not mentioned anywhere in the Holy Scripture, but used by the ancient Christian theologians to express the doctrine of the unity of God as subsisting in three distinct Persons. Some historians are of the view that the English word Trinity is derived from the Greek word trias, meaning a set of three or the number three and its first recorded use in Christian theology was by Theophilus of Antioch in about 170 AD. However, some researchers argue that the word Trinity came from the Latin word Trinitas, meaning the number three, a triad, and was first used by a Latin theologian Tertullian in 220 AD to express this doctrine. Development of Trinity into a Christian Doctrine Up until the end of the second century at least, most of the Christians were united in one basic belief; i.e. they all believed in the supremacy of the God Father. They all regarded God the Father Almighty as alone supreme, immutable, ineffable and without beginning. However, with the passing of those second century religious theologians and leaders, the Church found itself slipping slowly but inexorably toward trinity. Most of the researchers are of the view that the origin of the trinity doctrine is linked to a controversy, often known as the Arian controversy, that occurred in the city of Alexandria in the early part of the fourth century. A certain Alexander was bishop of Alexandria, Egypt who attempted to explain the unity of the Holy Trinity that whether the Son of God, is of the same substance, or only of like substance, with the Father. Alexander professed that The Son is immutable and unchangeable, all-sufficient and perfect, like the Father, differing only in this one respect that the Father is un-begotten and the Son was begotten. In explaining how the Son was begotten, Alexander quoted Jesus saying that He proceeded from the Father. Arius, who was a presbyter in charge of a parish church in the same city, dissented from the views set forth by Alexander. This disagreement reached the level of confrontation between Bishop Alexander of Alexandria and his presbyter Arius. So at a synod held at Alexandria in 321 C.E., in which Arius was deposed and excommunicated. However, Arius still had much support outside Egypt. Many of the important bishops theologically agree with Arius: Jesus Christ is not God. The sustained controversy caused unrest in the whole Roman Empire and Constantine the Great, in order to resolve the issue invited all bishops of the Christian Church (around 300 at that time) to Nicaea (which is now in modern Turkey) in May 325 C.E. Consequently, the creed of Nicaea was signed by 218 bishops who endorsed the Son as co-equal to God. However, the controversy over the nature of Jesus continued for next more than sixty years and gradually involved every conceivable authority; general councils, Popes, Emperors, bishops alone or in parties, and the faithful at large. A second ecumenical council met in Constantinople in the year 381 CE. This Council gave the finishing touch to the doctrine of three persons in one God stating that Jesus and God were co-equal, co-eternal and the deity of the Holy Spirit. From that time the Roman Emperors resolved and proclaimed they would punish all Christians who would not believe in and worship three persons in one God. Thus, the doctrine of the Trinity came to be formally established as the basic foundation of Christian faith for the next fifteen centuries. Subsequently, the doctrine of the veneration of Mary as the mother of God and bearer of God was also formulated at the Second Council of Constantinople (553 C.E.) and the title of Eternal Virgin was added. In the prayers and hymns of the Orthodox Church the name of the mother of God is invoked as often as in the name of Christ and the Holy Trinityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. In the Roman Catholic doctrine, Mary, the mother of God, was identified with the figure of the divine Wisdom. The process of deifying the mother of God went a step further here, in that Mary is treated like a divine hypostasis (substance), the figure of heavenly Wisdom. All through this period of development there had been protests made by those who wished to preserve the truth of the Gospel from the innovations; but they were gradually overborne, until at length, when the innovators were strong enough, they called other Christians Heretics, and persecuted them. Factors that Influenced the Doctrine of Trinity According to most of the researchers the prime factor that influenced the doctrine of Trinity to formulate into a fundamental belief of Christianity has been its connections with the paganism. Throughout the ancient world, as far back as Babylon, it was common for pagans to worship triad gods. This practice was also prevalent before, during and after Christ in Egypt (Horus, Osiris Isis), India (Siva, Brahma Vishnu), and Babylon (Ishtar, Sin Shamash). With the spread of Christianity especially the Paulines ministry during the first two centuries CE, most of the pagans in the Mediterranean basin converted to Christianity. They brought with them their centuries old socio-cultural traditions and religious beliefs. After the death of the Apostles, such pagan beliefs began to creep in Christianity. One may think that Paganism was dominated by Christianity, but it is perhaps more accurate to say that Christianity adapted it. Even the fact that Christians worship on Sunday was the adoptio n of a Pagan festival, because the Jews used to worship on Saturday. Some researchers are also of the view that one of the factor behind formulation of doctrine of Trinity as Christians fundamental faith had been the personal interest of the Roman emperors to wield maximum powers over masses by exploiting religion through the use of Church as a tool. It was in this context that the Constantine the Great, after coming into power in 312 CE, ended the persecution of the Christians and the suppression of the early Church which were continuing since the resurrection of Jesus Christ. Through conversion to Christianity special favors were offered to the people in the form of political, military and social gains. As a result, thousands of non-Christians joined the Church and enabled Constantine to exercise great power over the Church affairs. Constantines involvement in religious affairs was to such an extent that he himself presided over the proceedings of the Council of Nicaea and exercised his political power to bring to bear the bishops to accept his theo logical position. The Encyclopedia Britannica summarizes the proceedings of the Council of Niacea as follows: The Council of Niacea met on May 20, 325. Constantine himself presiding, actively guiding the discussion, and personally proposed (no doubt on Ossius prompting) the crucial formula expressing the relation of Christ to God in the creed issued by the council, of one substance with the Father. Over-awed by the emperor, the bishops, with two exceptions only, signed the creed, many of them against their inclination. Justifications by the Trinitarians about the Doctrine of Trinity The people who support the Doctrine of Trinity, commonly known as the Trinitarians, justify it on the basis that some verses in the Holy Bible, of which a few mentioned below, have specific reference to the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit as distinct entities in a single narrative. As soon as Jesus Christ was baptized, he went up out of the water. At that moment heaven was opened, and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove and landing on him. And a voice from heaven said, This is my Son, whom I love; with him I am well pleased. The angel answered and said to her, The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you; and for that reason the holy Child shall be called the Son of God. How much more, then, will the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered himself unblemished to God, cleanse our consciences from acts that lead to death, so that we may serve the living God! The Trinitarians interpret these verses as support for the doctrine of Trinity, because these verses speak of distinct entities mentioned by name in a single nerative. They argue, though the New Testament does not use the word ÃŽÂ ¤Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ (Trinity) nor explicitly teach it, yet it provides the referencing material upon which the doctrine of the Trinity could be formulated. In addition, the Old Testament has also been interpreted as foreshadowing the Trinity, by referring to Gods word, his spirit, and Wisdom, as well as narratives such as the appearance of the three men to Abraham, which the Trinitarians view as support of a Trinity. Rejection of Doctrine of Trinity by the Non-Trinitarians Many groups in Christianity, commonly known as non-Trinitarians, do not believe in the Doctrine of Trinity or the way the God is described in the Trinity and His relation with Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit. Non-Trinitarian groups also differ from one another in their views about the nature of Jesus Christ, depicting him variously as a divine being second only to God the Father, as God but not eternally God, as Son of God but inferior to the Father (versus co-equal), as a prophet, or simply as a holy man. The non-Trinitarians reject the Doctrine of Trinity on the basis that the expression God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit were not known or advocated by Jesus or the early Christians. They argue that the Apostolic Fathers and those of the succeeding generations up to the last quarter of the 4th century CE never have thought of a triune God. They believed in One Omnificent, Omnipotent, Omniscient and Transcendent Creator Who alone is to be worshipped. Some Christian history researchers and scholars also dispute the authenticity of the Trinity and argue that the doctrine is the result of later theological interpretations of Christs nature and function. In their view, the doctrine of the Trinity was coined by the Christians about three hundred years after Jesus. The four Canonical Gospels, written between 70 and 115 CE, contain no reference to the Trinity. Even Saint Paul, who imported many foreign ideas into Christianity, knew nothing of the Triune God. The New Catholic Encyclopedia admits that the doctrine of the Trinity was unknown to the early Christians and that it was formulated in the last quarter of the 4th century. At first the Christian faith was not Trinitarian . . . It was not so in the apostolic and sub-apostolic ages, as reflected in the New Testament and other early Christian writings. The early Christians, however, did not at first think of applying the (Trinity) idea to their own faith. They paid their devotions to God the Father and to Jesus Christ, the Son of God, and they recognized the Holy Spirit; but there was no thought of these three being an actual Trinity, co-equal and united in One. Denouncement of Doctrine of Trinity by the Holy Quran Islams holy book the Quran denounces the concept of Trinity as an over-reverence by Christians of Gods Word, the prophet and Messiah Jesus Christ son of the Virgin Mary. The Quran declares Jesus as one of the most important and respected prophets and Messengers of God, primarily sent to prevent the Jews from changing the Torah, and to refresh and reaffirm his original message as revealed to Moses and earlier prophets. The Quran reveals that the creation of Jesus is framed similar to the creation of Adam out of dust, but with Jesus birth meaning his creation excludes male human intervention rather than creation completely without human participation. According to Quran teachings belief in Jesus as a prophet, as well as belief in the original Gospel and Torah and belief in Jesus virgin birth are core criterion of being a Muslim and Quranic criterion for salvation in the hereafter along with belief in the Prophet Muhammad and all the prior prophets. In short, in Quran the God is seen as being both perfect and indivisible. He can therefore have no peer or equal. Jesus, being Gods creation, can never be considered to be equal with God or a part of God. So, any believe in the concept of Trinity is considered as blasphemy in Islam. Anthropological Perspective about the Doctrine of Trinity In the preceding paragraphs I have tried to explore the Christians Doctrine of Trinity from different historians and researchers point of view. The study confirmed that this doctrine had no roots in the teachings of Jesus Christ, his Apostles or the early Christian theologians. It was gradually evolved and formulated after at least three hundred years of Christ resurrection. No doubt, this doctrine has been in hot discussion in the Christian world for centuries and has retained the central most space in Christian theology. Though, tons of literature has been written down to analyse this Trinitarian doctrine, but its understanding remains as bewildering as ever before. Now, in order to comprehend this doctrine from anthropological perspective I will try to deconstruct it by going through its contents and by discourse analyses while applying Michael Foucaults theory on knowledge is power. In order to do that I will apply his structural theory to deconstruct this doctrine as power is employed to analyse knowledge, i.e. the concept of discursive formations. Foucault has a unique lens to see the world, societies, and its different institutions, and to use his own perspective about the knowledge and power. His philosophical theories addressed what power is and how it works, the manner in which it controls knowledge and vice versa, and how it is used as a form of social control. His first argument is that all relationships are the relationships of power which are diffused in the fabric of society ontologically, and its intrinsic urge to control others, everyone, and everything. He argues that in the human cultural history irrespective of time and space as a major rule human wants to control human by nature. Foucault divides all human history in three episteme; pre-historic, religious and scientific episteme respectively. He describes religion as a tool to control people. I n his view, knowledge such as scriptures, symbols, myths and rituals play a pivotal role to prove legitimacy of any religion. Knowledge is information and skills acquired through experience and education. Foucault describes four types of contesting knowledge that exist at parallel in a society; i.e. dominant, subordinate, marginalized and muted knowledge. According to Foucault, knowledge as power is used very carefully and politically by the knowledge creators to control human mind. Dominant knowledge creators are the drivers of the society as an elite class in the Marxist paradigm. Dominant knowledge producers create knowledge as discourse which elect some people, and give them the gaze to judge masses in the society, which means society is panoptical and individuals are under constant surveillance that they are doing their jobs properly. If some deviate from their role then the system declare them unfit and put them into asylum. In Foucaults perspective the society is held up in illusion and false consciousness. He annihilates all beliefs, norms, traditions and rules as discourse created by the dominant knowledge producers which are overwhelmingly imposed on the society. He proclaims that no knowledge is authentic, all are socially constructed. In line with many other postmodernists, Foucault argues that the reason to contest between knowledge is that there is a gap between the surface knowledge and living knowledge. Through discourse analysis, power structures may be uncovered and questioned by way of analyzing the corresponding fields of knowledge through which they are legitimized. This is one of the ways that Foucaults work is linked to critical theory. The corollary of the concepts of Foucault is ruling under the rubric of knowledge as power to dominate the thoughts of society. Now applying Foucaults theory on to the Doctrine of Trinity, we would evaluate its legitimacy as divine revelation or socially constructed theology. As we explored earlier, the doctrine of Trinity came into existence through a gradual evolution that took over two centuries. The Christianity that started its career as a pure monotheistic religion drifted slowly but inexorably toward polytheistic beliefs under the influence of pagan traditions and the dominant class of that time, i.e. the Roman emperors. The earlier Christian theologians and council of Bishops like Gnostic (50 CE), Justin Martyr (150 CE), Theophilus (169 CE), Irenaeus (177 CE), Tertullian (192 CE), Clement (215 CE), Hippolytus (220 CE), Origen (230 CE), Sibellius (255 CE), Arius (320 CE), Council of Nicaea (325 CE), Council of Constantinople (381 CE), Council of Chalcedon (451 CE) played their role in the formulation of doctrine of Trinity by continuously defining and re-defining the nature of God, Jesus Christ, and th e Holy Spirit and their relations to one another. Throughout this process the dominant class of that time used its political muscles to keep the doctrine in line with the state mechanism. In short, the knowledge created by the religious theologians and scholars in collaboration with the ruling class was employed to wield maximum power, and that power was used to control the masses. Now we will exchange the lens of Michael Foucault with other great philosophers of nineteenth and twentieth centuries in order to analyze this doctrine in their own conceptions and perceptions. One of the great figure the social philosopher and the most influential political atheist Karl Marx has a very unique materialistic world view to see the processes in the society. He proclaims a conflict view of religion as the sigh of the oppressed creature, the illusory happiness of men, the reflex of real world, the opium of